The Weight of a Vote (Historic Fiction Story)
Nathaniel Harper tightened his coat against the sharp November wind as he walked down the dirt road toward the town square. His boots scuffed against the frozen ground, his fingers curled inside his wool gloves, but his mind wasn’t on the cold. Today was the day he would cast his first vote.
He had been eighteen for only a few weeks, just old enough to participate in an election that could change the course of history. His father had fought in the War of 1812, always speaking of the sacred duty of voting, but Nathaniel had never felt the weight of it before. Until now. Until war had come to their own land, tearing the country in two, forcing young men to fight, bleed, and die in places he had only read about in the papers.
He knew how he would vote. For Lincoln. For the man who had kept the nation together through fire and blood. For the man who had freed the slaves, who had carried the burden of a divided country on his shoulders, even as some called him a tyrant.
As he approached the town square, the air crackled with conversation. Men gathered in clusters, their voices sharp with debate. Some wore Lincoln’s name like a badge of honor, standing firm in their belief that he was the only leader who could see the war to its end. Others spat at the mention of his name, calling him a warmonger, a despot who had stretched his powers too far.
Nathaniel saw his friend Robert, standing stiffly near the steps of the courthouse, his arms crossed. Robert had lost his brother in the Wilderness campaign. He had once supported the war, but now? Now he was voting for McClellan.
“You really believe he’ll end it?” Nathaniel asked, stopping beside him.
Robert’s face was tight, his eyes weary. “If he can make peace, then maybe no more families will have to lose a son.”
Nathaniel understood the pain in his voice. But he also remembered the letters from his cousin serving under General Sherman—the stories of Confederate soldiers refusing to surrender, of a nation unwilling to let go of its rebellion. “And if peace means we lose everything we fought for?” Nathaniel said quietly. “If we let them go free, after all the men who’ve died?”
Robert exhaled through his nose. “Then at least the dying stops.”
Nathaniel didn’t have an answer for that. He only nodded before stepping toward the courthouse. Inside, the line moved slow, the murmurs of heated arguments filling the air. An older man at the front of the line waved his ballot in the air.
“I tell you, if Lincoln wins, you mark my words—this war will never end! He’s got the blood of our boys on his hands, and now he’s filling our country with freed slaves who’ll take our work!”
A group of men near the door jeered at him, one clapping his hat against his thigh. “Better Lincoln than a coward who’d let the South keep their chains!”
Nathaniel felt the weight of the moment press down on him. These men—his neighbors, his father’s friends, his own childhood companions—stood on either side of a great divide, one that had split not just the country, but families, friendships, and futures.
He took the ballot in his hands. His heart pounded. His vote mattered.
He thought of his cousin marching through Georgia, of the young Black men who had taken up rifles to fight for their own freedom. He thought of Lincoln’s tired face in the newspapers, the lines of worry carved deep into his expression. No president had ever faced what Lincoln had. No president had borne such burdens.
With a steady hand, Nathaniel marked his choice. Lincoln.
Stepping out into the cold air, he exhaled, feeling the enormity of what he had done. He had spoken—not with his voice, but with his vote.
Now, all that was left to do was wait.
The Long Night of Waiting
The sun dipped low as evening settled over the town, the air thick with uncertainty. Nathaniel stood near the fire outside the general store, where a group of men had gathered, exchanging rumors. The votes were being counted, but no one yet knew who had won.
A man in a dusty coat stomped up to the fire. “New York’s results are coming in,” he said gruffly, rubbing his hands together. “Could go either way.”
A murmur passed through the crowd. Some men looked hopeful. Others, tense.
Nathaniel swallowed hard. What if Lincoln lost? What if McClellan, the man Lincoln had once removed from command for being too cautious, became president? Would he negotiate peace? Would he undo everything?
From across the fire, Robert caught his eye. He didn’t speak, but there was something in his face—uncertainty, hesitation—that made Nathaniel wonder if even McClellan’s supporters weren’t sure what would come next.
Inside the tavern, the tension was thicker. Some men drank in silence, others debated loudly over the crackling of the fireplace. “If Lincoln wins, I tell you—he’ll send more boys to their deaths before this war’s through,” one man said, slamming his mug on the counter.
Another, older and grizzled, leaned forward. “And what do you think happens if McClellan wins? You think Jeff Davis is just gonna shake his hand and call it done? They won’t stop fighting just ‘cause we quit.”
Nathaniel listened to the arguments, but his gaze drifted to the window. Outside, the town was quiet, save for the occasional rider galloping past with updates from distant polling stations. The future of the country was hanging in the balance, and no one yet knew which way it would fall.
The waiting stretched deep into the night. Some men went home to their families, others stayed by the fire, watching the stars above as though looking for answers. Nathaniel stayed, his hands tucked into his coat, his mind racing.
Would the country stay the course? Would they fight on until the Union was whole again? Or would the people demand peace, no matter the cost?
The answer would come with the dawn.
The State of the Union Before the 1864 Election
As the presidential election of 1864 approached, the United States was still deeply embroiled in the Civil War. The war had dragged on for over three years, testing the endurance and morale of both soldiers and civilians. By mid-1864, the conflict had reached a critical turning point, shaping political debates and voter sentiment. The state of the Union, both on the battlefield and the home front, was fraught with uncertainty, exhaustion, and hope.
The War on the Battlefield: A Bloody Stalemate or Turning Tide?
By the summer of 1864, the Union Army, under the leadership of General Ulysses S. Grant, was engaged in an aggressive campaign against General Robert E. Lee’s Confederate forces in Virginia. Grant's Overland Campaign, which had begun in May, was marked by some of the bloodiest battles of the war, including the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor. Despite heavy Union casualties, Grant remained committed to his strategy of wearing down the Confederate Army through continuous pressure. However, the protracted Siege of Petersburg, which had begun in June, contributed to a sense of stalemate, as the Union struggled to break through the Confederate defenses.
In the Western Theater, the Union saw more success. General William Tecumseh Sherman’s forces captured Atlanta in September 1864, a major turning point that bolstered Northern morale and reassured many that the war could be won. Sherman's victory was especially critical for President Abraham Lincoln's re-election campaign, as it dispelled fears that the war was unwinnable and weakened the arguments of Democratic challenger George B. McClellan, who had called for peace negotiations.
Despite these victories, casualties were mounting at an alarming rate. Many feared that the war had no clear end in sight, and Lincoln faced immense pressure from both political allies and opponents to justify the continued bloodshed.
Union Soldiers: Weary, Determined, and Politically Divided
The soldiers fighting for the Union had endured years of brutal combat, disease, and hardship. Morale among the troops was mixed—many were exhausted and frustrated by the seemingly endless fighting, yet victories like Atlanta gave them renewed hope. The Army had also grown increasingly politicized, with many troops supporting Lincoln and his war policies, believing that an outright victory was the only way to preserve the Union and justify their sacrifices.
Lincoln’s administration made efforts to ensure that soldiers could participate in the election. For the first time in U.S. history, absentee voting was permitted, allowing troops to cast ballots while stationed in the field. The results of the soldiers' vote were overwhelmingly in Lincoln’s favor, as many believed that McClellan’s platform for peace could mean that their sacrifices had been in vain.
However, not all Union soldiers supported Lincoln. Some, particularly those who had suffered through Grant’s relentless offensives, resented the administration’s war policies and leaned toward McClellan’s call for peace. Still, the majority of Union troops recognized that a negotiated settlement could mean continued Confederate independence and the survival of slavery, both of which many soldiers opposed.
Civilians on the Home Front: War Fatigue and Political Tensions
The Union civilian population was deeply divided as the war dragged on. The economy in the North had been strained by wartime inflation, rising taxation, and military conscription. While the industrial sector boomed due to war production, lower-class workers and farmers often struggled with the financial burden of the conflict. Anti-war sentiment had erupted into violent protests, such as the New York City Draft Riots in 1863, and continued unrest threatened Lincoln’s chances for re-election.
Many civilians in the North, particularly the families of soldiers, grew weary of the war and feared that Lincoln was leading the nation toward an indefinite conflict. The Democratic Party, particularly the Peace Democrats or "Copperheads," exploited these fears, advocating for an immediate end to the war, even if it meant allowing the Confederacy to secede.
At the same time, Republicans and Unionists argued that peace without victory would be meaningless. They pointed to Confederate refusal to negotiate in good faith and highlighted the moral imperative of ending slavery as a key reason to continue fighting. The fall of Atlanta in September 1864 dramatically shifted public opinion, strengthening support for Lincoln and quelling many fears that the war was hopeless.
African Americans: Hope, Struggle, and the Fight for Freedom
For African Americans, both free and formerly enslaved, the war was not just about preserving the Union—it was a fight for freedom, equality, and a new future. The Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 had fundamentally transformed the war’s purpose, and by 1864, nearly 180,000 Black soldiers had enlisted in the Union Army, serving in regiments such as the famed 54th Massachusetts Infantry. These men fought not only for the Union cause but also to ensure that slavery was permanently abolished.
Despite their contributions, African American soldiers faced discrimination, lower pay, and harsher treatment if captured by Confederate forces. In the Fort Pillow Massacre (April 1864), Black Union soldiers were executed after surrendering, further galvanizing Northern resolve to see the war through to victory.
For previously enslaved individuals in the South, Union advances represented both hope and danger. When Union armies moved through Confederate territory, enslaved people often fled to Union lines, seeking freedom and protection. However, many faced precarious conditions in contraband camps, where disease and lack of resources led to suffering. Others remained in bondage in areas still controlled by the Confederacy, anxiously awaiting a Union victory that would ensure their emancipation.
In the North, free African Americans actively participated in the political process, supporting Lincoln and the Republican Party’s push for the 13th Amendment, which aimed to abolish slavery permanently. While Lincoln’s initial stance on Black rights had been cautious, by 1864, he openly supported limited suffrage for Black Union veterans, signaling a shift toward greater inclusion in American democracy.
A Nation at the Crossroads
As Americans prepared to vote in November 1864, the Union stood at a crossroads. The war had taken a devastating toll, yet Lincoln’s leadership and recent battlefield successes suggested that victory was within reach. Soldiers, civilians, and African Americans each had their own stake in the election’s outcome, knowing that it would determine not just the fate of the war, but the future of the nation itself. Would the Union continue fighting until the Confederacy was decisively defeated, or would a shift in leadership bring negotiations that could leave the South independent and slavery intact? These questions loomed large as voters cast their ballots.
Economic and Social Struggles Before the 1864 Election
As the 1864 presidential election approached, the United States found itself not only engaged in a brutal civil war but also facing significant economic and social turmoil. While the North had a far stronger industrial base than the Confederacy, the financial burden of the war, rising inflation, and a deeply unpopular draft system created widespread dissatisfaction among civilians. Many people in the Union states struggled to balance patriotism with the harsh realities of war-time economics and the sacrifices required on the home front.
The Cost of War: A Strained Federal Budget
The Union war effort was incredibly expensive. By 1864, the U.S. government had already spent billions of dollars to fund the war, primarily through the production of weapons, the maintenance of armies, and infrastructure to support military campaigns. To cover these costs, the Lincoln administration relied on a combination of taxation, bonds, and printing paper money, all of which had significant economic consequences.
One of the biggest financial strategies was the introduction of the first federal income tax in American history, implemented by the Revenue Act of 1861 and expanded in 1862. Additionally, the government sold war bonds, urging citizens to invest in the Union cause. While many wealthier individuals and businesses supported these measures, lower-income workers resented the taxation, feeling that it unfairly targeted them.
The government also printed large amounts of paper money (greenbacks), which were not backed by gold or silver. While this helped finance the war in the short term, it contributed to rising inflation and the depreciation of the dollar, making everyday goods more expensive for civilians.
Inflation and Economic Hardships
Inflation became a major issue for Northern citizens. Prices of basic goods such as food, clothing, and fuel soared, placing a heavy burden on working-class families. While industrial production in the North boomed, wages often failed to keep pace with rising prices, leading to dissatisfaction among factory workers and laborers. The economic strain led to strikes in industries producing war materials, as workers demanded better pay to match the inflated cost of living.
Farmers also faced economic instability. While the demand for agricultural products remained high due to the war effort, labor shortages (caused by men being drafted into the military) led to higher wages for workers and increased production costs. Some farmers benefited from selling crops at higher prices, but others struggled with the unpredictability of war-driven markets.
For the wealthy, particularly those involved in war-related industries, the economy was a source of opportunity. Manufacturers producing weapons, uniforms, and supplies for the army made enormous profits, leading to accusations of war profiteering. Many working-class Northerners resented these individuals, believing they were exploiting the war while ordinary people suffered economic hardships and lost loved ones in battle.
The Draft and Public Resistance
The draft system was another major source of tension in the North. In 1863, the Enrollment Act had introduced the first federal draft in U.S. history, requiring eligible men to serve in the military if called upon. However, the law allowed men to avoid service by either paying a $300 commutation fee or hiring a substitute to serve in their place. This led to widespread anger among the working class, who saw it as a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight. Wealthy men could afford to buy their way out of service, while lower-income workers had no choice but to fight or face legal consequences.
Resistance to the draft turned violent in some cities, most notably during the New York City Draft Riots in July 1863. What began as protests against conscription escalated into a full-scale riot, where mobs attacked government buildings, draft offices, and even African American citizens, whom they blamed for the war. The riots highlighted the deep divisions within Northern society and exposed underlying racial tensions that had been intensified by the war.
By 1864, draft resistance remained a significant issue. Some communities actively hid draft dodgers, while others called for the repeal of the draft altogether. Lincoln’s administration had to carefully balance the need for troops with the growing public discontent over forced military service.
Civilians’ Attitudes Toward the Economy and War Effort
As economic difficulties mounted, many civilians grew increasingly frustrated with the war effort. By the summer of 1864, before the Union victory in Atlanta, there was widespread war-weariness among Northern citizens. Many feared that Lincoln’s leadership would only lead to more years of economic suffering and loss of life. Democratic candidate George B. McClellan capitalized on this frustration, promising a potential peace settlement if elected.
At the same time, many Republicans and Union supporters remained steadfast, believing that the sacrifices of war were necessary to achieve victory and end slavery. The fall of Atlanta in September 1864 reinvigorated support for Lincoln, as it suggested that the Union was finally gaining the upper hand and that the war might soon come to an end.
The war also deepened class divisions. While industrialists and investors grew wealthier, working-class citizens often felt abandoned by a government that seemed more focused on war than on economic relief. The perception of inequality contributed to resentment, and for some, Lincoln’s re-election was seen as a referendum on whether the country would continue prioritizing war over economic stability.
A Nation in Crisis and at a Crossroads
By the time of the 1864 election, the North was a nation in crisis. The war had taken a devastating toll not only on soldiers but also on the economy and social structure of the Union states. The burden of war expenses, inflation, and an unpopular draft led to significant public unrest. Many civilians felt the strain of economic hardship, and the war’s uncertain outcome left the nation deeply divided.
Lincoln’s Leadership: How Civilians and Soldiers Felt Before the 1864 Election
As the 1864 election approached, Abraham Lincoln’s leadership was a subject of intense debate across the Union. The Civil War had dragged on for over three years, leading to widespread exhaustion, economic struggles, and political divisions. Lincoln was deeply respected by some, seen as a symbol of perseverance and moral clarity, while others criticized him for prolonging the war, curbing civil liberties, or failing to achieve a swift victory. Both civilians and soldiers had strong opinions about how he was leading the nation through its most critical test.
The Soldiers’ Perspective: A Divided Army
Union soldiers had mixed feelings about Lincoln. Many, particularly those who had witnessed the horrors of war, were frustrated by the length of the conflict and the high casualty rates. Grant’s Overland Campaign, which began in May 1864, resulted in thousands of deaths without delivering an immediate, decisive victory. Soldiers who had survived battles like Cold Harbor, the Wilderness, and Spotsylvania questioned Lincoln’s war strategy, feeling that the administration was sacrificing their lives in a war that seemed endless.
However, the majority of Union soldiers remained loyal to Lincoln and his vision of victory. Many troops saw the war as a fight for both the Union and the end of slavery, especially after the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. By 1864, nearly 180,000 Black soldiers had joined the Union Army, many of whom viewed Lincoln as the leader who had given them a chance to fight for their freedom.
Lincoln’s decision to allow soldiers to vote absentee for the first time in a U.S. election was crucial. Despite war fatigue, an overwhelming majority of Union soldiers voted for him, indicating that they still believed in his leadership and the necessity of finishing the war. Many feared that Lincoln’s opponent, George B. McClellan, would negotiate peace with the Confederacy, which could undo all that they had fought for.
Civilians: War-Weariness and Political Divisions
Among civilians, Lincoln’s leadership was highly controversial. By 1864, the Northern home front was deeply divided. Some saw Lincoln as a wise and moral leader who had guided the country through its darkest days, while others viewed him as an ineffective and tyrannical president responsible for unnecessary suffering.
The war economy and conscription laws had created widespread discontent. Inflation, taxation, and shortages made everyday life difficult for many working-class families. The draft system, which allowed wealthier men to pay for substitutes, led to resentment and violent protests, such as the New York Draft Riots in 1863. Many civilians, particularly among the working class and Irish immigrants, saw Lincoln as a president who forced them into a war they had no stake in.
At the same time, abolitionists and Union loyalists staunchly supported Lincoln. They saw him as the only leader capable of defeating the Confederacy and abolishing slavery. His push for the 13th Amendment, which aimed to permanently end slavery, gained him support among those who viewed the war as a moral struggle rather than just a battle for national unity.
Meanwhile, the Democratic Party, especially the Peace Democrats ("Copperheads"), harshly criticized Lincoln. They accused him of overstepping his authority by suspending habeas corpus, restricting press freedoms, and enforcing military rule in some areas. They also blamed him for prolonging the war, arguing that he could have negotiated peace earlier.
Lincoln’s Strengths and Weaknesses in the Public Eye
Despite the criticisms, Lincoln was widely respected for his honesty, humility, and deep sense of responsibility. Even many who disagreed with his policies acknowledged that he was a deeply thoughtful and compassionate leader. He regularly visited the wounded in hospitals, grieved publicly for fallen soldiers, and acknowledged the suffering of both civilians and soldiers. His ability to communicate through speeches, such as the Gettysburg Address and his Second Inaugural Address, helped shape public perception of the war as a necessary sacrifice for the survival of the Union and the abolition of slavery.
However, his ability to manage military strategy was often questioned. Many believed he was too lenient on incompetent generals in the early years of the war, such as McClellan, and that he had relied too much on political considerations rather than military efficiency when appointing officers. It was not until he promoted Ulysses S. Grant to overall command in 1864 that Lincoln gained more trust from military leaders and the public in his ability to oversee the war effectively.
The Election of 1864: A Test of Leadership
As the election neared, Lincoln faced the greatest political test of his presidency. The war had made him deeply unpopular in early 1864, and many doubted he could win re-election. Even Lincoln himself believed he would lose, telling his cabinet that they must prepare for the possibility of a McClellan presidency.
A Nation’s Leader in the Midst of War
Abraham Lincoln’s leadership in 1864 was a defining moment in American history. Soldiers on the front lines largely trusted him, believing that he was committed to their cause and that a negotiated peace would dishonor their sacrifices. Civilians, however, were deeply divided—some saw him as a hero who could save the Union, while others resented him for the war’s hardships.
Candidates and Their Platforms in the 1864 Election
The 1864 presidential election was one of the most consequential in American history, taking place in the midst of the Civil War. The outcome would determine the future of the war, the fate of slavery, and the direction of the nation. Two candidates stood at the forefront of this critical election: President Abraham Lincoln, running for re-election as the candidate of the Republican/National Union Party, and former Union General George B. McClellan, the nominee of the Democratic Party. Their platforms reflected starkly different visions for the country, particularly regarding the war and its objectives.
Abraham Lincoln: The National Union Party’s Vision for Victory
As the sitting president, Abraham Lincoln led the National Union Party, a temporary coalition between Republicans and pro-war Democrats who supported continuing the war effort to fully defeat the Confederacy and abolish slavery.
· War Stance: Fighting Until Total Victory: Lincoln was unwavering in his commitment to seeing the war through to a decisive Union victory. He firmly opposed any negotiated settlement with the Confederacy that would allow it to exist as a separate nation. Lincoln believed that only complete military victory would preserve the Union and ensure the permanent abolition of slavery. His stance was reinforced by the belief that any peace agreement short of Confederate surrender would lead to future conflicts and the continued oppression of African Americans.
· The Emancipation Proclamation & the 13th Amendment: Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, issued on January 1, 1863, had already shifted the war’s purpose from simply preserving the Union to ending slavery. By 1864, Lincoln and his Republican allies were pushing for the 13th Amendment, which would permanently abolish slavery across the entire nation. His strong support for emancipation made him a hero to abolitionists and many Northern voters but also fueled opposition from those who wanted the war to end without further social upheaval.
· Challenges: War Management, Civil Liberties, and the Draft: Lincoln faced significant criticism from multiple factions. Some Northerners, particularly Peace Democrats (Copperheads), accused him of mismanaging the war, pointing to high casualties, economic hardships, and early military failures. Others denounced him for violating civil liberties, especially his suspension of habeas corpus, which allowed the government to arrest and detain suspected Confederate sympathizers without trial.
The draft, introduced in 1863, also sparked fierce resistance, particularly among lower-class workers who felt that wealthier men could buy their way out of service by paying a $300 commutation fee. The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 had demonstrated just how unpopular conscription was, and by 1864, many civilians still blamed Lincoln for the policy.
Running Mate: Andrew Johnson and the Appeal to War Democrats: To strengthen his appeal among pro-war Democrats, Lincoln replaced Vice President Hannibal Hamlin with Andrew Johnson, a Democrat from Tennessee who had remained loyal to the Union. Johnson’s selection was meant to broaden Lincoln’s coalition and show that even Southern Democrats could support the Union cause. His nomination was a strategic move to unite Republicans with War Democrats against McClellan’s more moderate platform.
George B. McClellan: The Democratic Party’s Call for Peace and Leadership Change
George B. McClellan, a former Union general, was the Democratic Party’s nominee for president in 1864. While he had once led the Army of the Potomac, he had been removed by Lincoln for his cautious and slow-moving military strategy. Now, he sought to challenge Lincoln’s handling of the war and offer an alternative path forward for the nation.
· War Stance: The "Peace Candidate" with a Moderate Approach: McClellan was often viewed as the "Peace Candidate", though he personally held a more moderate position. Unlike some Democrats, he did not advocate for an immediate end to the war, but rather, he favored negotiating peace with the Confederacy while maintaining the Union. His stance was designed to appeal to voters who opposed Lincoln’s hardline war policies but still wanted to keep the nation together.
However, McClellan’s exact position on the war was somewhat ambiguous, as he had to balance the views of both Peace Democrats and War Democrats within his own party. His reluctance to fully embrace either side weakened his ability to unify the Democratic vote.
· Divisions Within the Democratic Party: The Democratic Party was deeply divided between two factions:
1. Peace Democrats ("Copperheads") – These Democrats strongly opposed the war, calling for an immediate ceasefire and negotiations with the Confederacy. They believed that Lincoln had abused his power, and some even supported Confederate independence.
2. War Democrats – This faction wanted to continue fighting, but they opposed Lincoln’s leadership and his emphasis on emancipation. They argued that the war should be fought strictly to restore the Union, not to end slavery.
The Democratic party platform in 1864, largely written by Peace Democrats, called for an immediate peace settlement, which contradicted McClellan’s own beliefs. As a result, he distanced himself from his party’s platform, saying he still supported the war, but with a different strategy. This inconsistency hurt his campaign, as many voters did not know what he truly stood for.
· Criticism of Lincoln: Overstepping Presidential Authority: McClellan’s campaign focused on attacking Lincoln’s leadership. He accused the president of abusing his power by suspending habeas corpus, expanding executive authority, and violating constitutional rights in the name of war. McClellan also criticized Lincoln’s military strategies, arguing that he had mismanaged the war effort and prolonged the conflict unnecessarily.
However, McClellan’s own military record was not beyond criticism. Many saw his failure to act decisively during his time as a general as proof that he lacked the ability to lead the nation in wartime. His hesitancy to engage Confederate forces during the Peninsula Campaign in 1862 had frustrated Lincoln, and some voters doubted whether McClellan had the necessary strength to bring the war to a successful conclusion.
A Nation Divided: The Election’s High Stakes
The election of 1864 was one of the most significant in U.S. history. Lincoln’s platform stood for total Union victory and the permanent abolition of slavery, while McClellan’s campaign suggested a more cautious, negotiation-based approach. However, McClellan struggled to unite his party, and his message was undermined by Union victories on the battlefield, particularly Sherman’s capture of Atlanta in September 1864.
Confederate Perspectives on Leadership: How Civilians and Soldiers Viewed Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis
As the Civil War raged on into its fourth year, the people of the Confederate States of America (CSA) faced increasing hardship, uncertainty, and division. By 1864, many in the South had grown weary of the war, suffering from economic devastation, food shortages, and military losses. Their opinions on leadership were deeply polarized, with some continuing to support Confederate President Jefferson Davis, while others criticized his policies and war strategies. At the same time, hatred and fear of Abraham Lincoln remained widespread, though some Confederate civilians and soldiers began to wonder whether his re-election might signal an inevitable end to the war.
Confederate Soldiers: Frustration, Determination, and Desperation
For many Confederate soldiers, Jefferson Davis was a symbol of the cause they had fought for since 1861—the defense of their states, their way of life, and, for many, the institution of slavery. However, as 1864 progressed, confidence in Davis’s leadership began to wane.
The relentless offensives by Union forces, particularly Ulysses S. Grant’s Overland Campaign and William Tecumseh Sherman’s advance into Georgia, had severely weakened the Confederate Army. Casualties mounted, supplies ran low, and soldiers faced hunger, exhaustion, and dwindling morale. Many blamed Davis for his inability to provide adequate reinforcements and resources. His centralized leadership style and frequent conflicts with Confederate generals frustrated soldiers, particularly after he replaced or clashed with key military leaders, such as Joseph E. Johnston, who had been respected by his troops.
Despite these frustrations, many Confederate soldiers remained committed to fighting to the end, driven by loyalty to their states, hatred of the Union, and fear of the consequences of defeat. The idea of Abraham Lincoln’s re-election in 1864 was met with deep hostility among the rank and file. To them, Lincoln was the ultimate enemy—the man who had waged war against their homeland, emancipated enslaved people, and sought to destroy the Southern way of life. Many soldiers still held onto hope that McClellan’s election could lead to peace negotiations, or at least that continued resistance might eventually force the North to agree to a compromise.
However, as Sherman captured Atlanta in September 1864, many Confederate soldiers began to see defeat as inevitable. Desertion rates increased, with some troops simply walking away from their units to return home. Others remained defiant, fighting to the bitter end despite overwhelming odds.
Confederate Civilians: War Fatigue and Discontent with Jefferson Davis
By 1864, the home front in the Confederacy was collapsing. Civilian morale had plummeted due to crippling food shortages, inflation, and destruction caused by the war. Unlike in the North, where industrial production remained strong, the Confederate economy had deteriorated rapidly due to Union blockades, loss of territory, and failing infrastructure.
Many Confederate civilians blamed Jefferson Davis for these hardships. His government’s decisions—such as impressment policies that seized food and supplies from farmers and military conscription that pulled young men from their homes—sparked anger and resentment. The Confederate draft laws became deeply unpopular, particularly among poor Southerners, who felt they were being forced to fight while wealthier men could pay for exemptions.
Some civilians lost faith in Davis’s ability to lead and began to advocate for peace, even if it meant surrender. Peace movements grew in some Confederate states, particularly in regions like western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, and parts of Georgia, where Unionist sentiment had always been strong. Desertion rates among soldiers increased as more men left the battlefield to care for their starving families.
Meanwhile, wealthier Southern elites and ardent Confederate supporters remained loyal to Davis and the Confederate cause, believing that surrender to Lincoln’s Union would mean total destruction of their way of life. Many held onto the hope that McClellan’s election could lead to a negotiated settlement, though Davis himself dismissed the idea of peace talks, insisting that the Confederacy must fight until the very end.
Hatred and Fear of Abraham Lincoln
Throughout the war, Confederate civilians and soldiers viewed Lincoln as the greatest villain in American history. He was depicted as a tyrant, a dictator, and a destroyer of Southern civilization. Confederate newspapers and politicians blamed him for waging an aggressive and unjust war against their people and inciting a race war by freeing enslaved individuals.
The Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 had intensified Confederate hatred for Lincoln, as many Southerners saw it as proof that the North’s goal was to upend their social and economic system completely. Lincoln’s support for Black enlistment in the Union Army further fueled Southern fears, as Confederate leaders warned that he would not only destroy slavery but also allow Black Americans full rights in society, an idea many white Southerners found unacceptable.
However, as the war dragged on and Confederate defeat seemed more likely, some Southerners began to view Lincoln in a different light—not as a dictator, but as the only figure who could end the bloodshed. By late 1864, small numbers of Confederate civilians and even some soldiers questioned whether continued resistance was worth the suffering. Some wondered if Lincoln’s re-election meant the Confederacy had no choice but to surrender.
Jefferson Davis remained defiant, insisting that Lincoln’s leadership was illegitimate and that the Confederacy must fight on. But among the people, especially the poor and war-weary, there was growing doubt about whether Davis’s vision of an independent South could ever be realized.
The Confederacy’s Hopes in the 1864 Election
As the war dragged into its fourth year, the Confederacy found itself in an increasingly desperate position. With its economy in ruins, its military struggling to sustain the fight, and Union forces advancing deeper into Southern territory, the 1864 U.S. presidential election became a critical moment for the Confederate leadership. Many in the South placed their hopes in George B. McClellan’s candidacy, believing that if he defeated Abraham Lincoln, the North would agree to negotiate a peace settlement—one that might preserve Confederate independence. But these hopes were built on shaky ground, as the Confederacy’s military and economic realities continued to deteriorate.
Jefferson Davis and Confederate Leaders Pin Their Hopes on McClellan
By 1864, Jefferson Davis and other Confederate leaders recognized that their chances of outright military victory were slim. The early years of the war had seen Southern triumphs, but as the Union’s war machine intensified, the Confederacy found itself increasingly outmatched in manpower, resources, and industrial strength. Recognizing these weaknesses, Davis and his government shifted their strategy from winning on the battlefield to simply outlasting the Union’s will to fight.
Their best hope lay in the political divisions within the North. Davis and his advisors closely followed the 1864 presidential election, hoping that Lincoln would be defeated by George B. McClellan, the Democratic nominee. Although McClellan was not a full-fledged peace candidate, his party’s platform—dominated by Peace Democrats (Copperheads)—called for an immediate end to the war and negotiations with the South. If McClellan won, Confederate leaders believed they could secure a settlement that would allow them to maintain their independence and perhaps even preserve slavery in some form.
Davis refused to consider surrender or compromise under Lincoln, insisting that the Confederate cause was righteous and that continuing the war was the only option. He believed that if the South could hold out until the election, Northern war-weariness and anti-Lincoln sentiment might result in a political shift that would force the Union to negotiate.
A Failing Economy: The Confederacy’s Weakest Point
While Davis and his government hoped for political change in the North, the Confederate economy was collapsing under the weight of war. Unlike the industrialized North, the South’s economy was entirely dependent on agriculture, particularly cotton and tobacco. However, by 1864, Union blockades had strangled Southern trade, preventing the export of goods and cutting off essential imports.
The Confederacy resorted to printing paper money in massive amounts, which led to runaway inflation. Prices for basic goods soared to unmanageable levels, and ordinary civilians struggled to afford food, clothing, and supplies. A loaf of bread that cost 50 cents in 1861 had skyrocketed to $10 or more by 1864. Food riots erupted in several Southern cities, as desperate civilians, particularly women, looted stores and warehouses in protest of the dire shortages.
The Confederate government attempted to solve the crisis through impressment policies, in which they seized food and supplies from farmers to support the army. However, this only worsened civilian morale, as farmers who had once supported the Confederacy now saw their own government taking what little they had left. This deepened resentment and led some Southerners to turn against Davis’s leadership.
The financial situation in the Confederacy was so dire that by late 1864, the Confederate dollar was virtually worthless. Many Southern businesses refused to accept paper currency, and bartering became a more common way of obtaining goods. Even the Confederate military felt the strain, as soldiers went unpaid for months and struggled to obtain proper uniforms, weapons, and supplies.
A Crumbling Military: Desertion, Shortages, and Low Morale
Along with economic collapse, the Confederate military was in crisis. By 1864, Confederate armies were shrinking, not just due to battlefield casualties, but also from desertion and the inability to replace fallen soldiers.
Desertion rates increased dramatically, as many soldiers—particularly poor farmers—abandoned their units to return home and care for their starving families.
The Confederate draft, which had already caused significant resentment, was now pulling in older men and young boys, further weakening the army’s effectiveness.
The Confederacy could not produce enough weapons, ammunition, and medical supplies, leaving many soldiers ill-equipped to continue fighting.
In contrast, the Union army continued to grow in strength, with fresh troops, a well-supplied war effort, and victories that boosted morale.
One of the biggest blows to the Confederate war effort came in September 1864, when Union General William T. Sherman captured Atlanta. This was not just a military loss—it was a psychological defeat that shattered Confederate hopes and boosted Lincoln’s chances of re-election. The fall of Atlanta signaled that the Union was gaining the upper hand, and it demolished the idea that the Confederacy could simply “hold on” until the North gave up.
The Election of 1864: A Crushing Blow to Confederate Hopes
Despite all of these hardships, Davis and his administration continued to believe that McClellan’s election could change everything. Confederate newspapers followed the campaign closely, reporting on Northern war protests and highlighting every sign of opposition to Lincoln.
Political and Media Influence in the 1864 Election
The 1864 presidential election was one of the most politically charged and divisive in American history, taking place amidst the ongoing Civil War. Public opinion was shaped not only by military events but also by the powerful influence of newspapers and political rhetoric. The media played a central role in shaping the way voters perceived both Abraham Lincoln and George B. McClellan, using editorials, propaganda, and campaign debates to either support or attack the candidates. From accusations of tyranny and warmongering to claims of weakness and betrayal, the election was a battleground not just for the military, but for the hearts and minds of the Northern public.
Newspapers and Public Opinion: The Power of the Press
In an era before radio and television, newspapers were the primary source of information for the American public. They reported on war developments, political speeches, and the personal qualities of candidates, but they were far from neutral. Many newspapers were openly partisan, aligning themselves with either Lincoln’s Republican National Union Party or McClellan’s Democratic Party.
Pro-Lincoln newspapers, such as The New York Times and The Chicago Tribune, emphasized Union victories, the need to abolish slavery, and the importance of staying the course until the Confederacy was fully defeated. They praised Lincoln as a strong leader fighting to preserve the nation and often painted McClellan as indecisive and inconsistent.
In contrast, Democratic-leaning newspapers, such as The New York World and The Chicago Times, were harshly critical of Lincoln, portraying him as a power-hungry dictator who had overstepped his authority. These papers blamed Lincoln for the war’s massive death toll, criticized his suspension of civil liberties, and accused him of prolonging the war for political gain. They championed McClellan as a sensible, experienced leader who could negotiate peace and end the suffering.
For the average voter, the newspaper they read heavily influenced their perspective on the election. Coverage of war events, political scandals, and speeches was often biased and sensationalized, making it difficult for citizens to separate fact from propaganda.
Media Propaganda: Swaying the Election Through Fear and Emotion
Beyond traditional reporting, political propaganda flooded newspapers and public spaces, aiming to sway public opinion. Both sides used fear, emotion, and exaggeration to convince voters that their opponent’s victory would lead to national disaster.
Pro-Lincoln propaganda focused on the horrors of slavery and the need to preserve the Union at any cost. Republican newspapers often reprinted excerpts from Confederate newspapers that expressed hope for Lincoln’s defeat, using them to argue that voting against Lincoln was equivalent to siding with the enemy. Many pro-Union political cartoons depicted McClellan as a Confederate sympathizer or a puppet of the South, implying that electing him would mean surrendering to Jefferson Davis.
Anti-Lincoln propaganda was even more aggressive. Lincoln was portrayed as a king-like tyrant who had destroyed democracy by suspending habeas corpus, censoring newspapers, and enforcing military rule in some areas. Some Democratic newspapers falsely claimed that Lincoln planned to force interracial marriage and grant freed slaves the right to vote, playing on the racial fears of some white Northern voters.
The use of imagery and political cartoons was particularly effective in swaying voters. Illustrations depicted Lincoln as a power-hungry despot, while others mocked McClellan as a cowardly general unwilling to make difficult decisions. These visual portrayals were often more effective than words, reaching even less-educated voters who might not have read lengthy editorials.
Campaigns also used songs, pamphlets, and speeches to spread their messages. Lincoln’s supporters emphasized his leadership, honesty, and commitment to ending slavery, while McClellan’s backers highlighted the need to restore peace and limit federal overreach. The war itself became not just a military struggle, but a propaganda war for the hearts and minds of the American public.
Campaign Rhetoric & Debates: Lincoln the Tyrant vs. McClellan the Weakling
Both Lincoln and McClellan were harshly criticized by their opponents, and campaign rhetoric was often brutal. Each side sought to frame their candidate as the only hope for America, while their opponent was painted as a threat to the nation’s survival.
Lincoln: The "Tyrant" and "Destroyer of Liberty"
Lincoln’s critics, particularly Peace Democrats (Copperheads), labeled him as a dictator who had trampled on the Constitution. They attacked his decision to suspend habeas corpus, arguing that he had arrested political opponents without due process and suppressed dissent in the North. They also condemned his handling of the draft, which had sparked riots and resentment, and accused him of waging war not to preserve the Union, but to force abolition on the South.
Democratic newspapers and campaign materials often referred to Lincoln as “King Abraham”, portraying him as a tyrannical ruler who had seized too much power. Some even suggested that if he won re-election, he would abolish elections altogether and rule as a dictator.
McClellan: The "Indecisive General" and "Surrender Candidate"
Lincoln’s supporters countered by portraying McClellan as weak, indecisive, and unfit for leadership. They reminded voters that McClellan, despite being a talented organizer, had failed to act decisively as a general, often hesitating in battle and missing opportunities to defeat the Confederacy. Republicans argued that if McClellan couldn’t win the war as a general, how could he be trusted to lead the nation?
McClellan also struggled with his party’s platform. While he personally supported continuing the war, many Democrats wanted an immediate peace settlement. This led Republicans to brand him as the “Surrender Candidate,” claiming that a McClellan presidency would mean negotiating with traitors and letting the Confederacy survive. Some Lincoln supporters suggested that McClellan’s election would mean that Union soldiers had fought and died for nothing.
Campaign materials emphasized the consequences of a McClellan victory, warning that Confederate leaders openly supported his election and that his victory might embolden the South to keep fighting.
The Impact of Media and Rhetoric on the Election
The media’s role in shaping voter opinions was undeniable in the 1864 election. While newspapers and propaganda may not have entirely decided the outcome, they deepened divisions, inflamed emotions, and reinforced existing biases among voters.
The 1864 Election Results and Their Impact on the Civil War
The presidential election of 1864 was one of the most crucial in American history, as it took place during the height of the Civil War. Abraham Lincoln’s victory over his Democratic challenger, George B. McClellan, was not only a political triumph but also a decisive statement on the future of the Union, the war, and the abolition of slavery. The results reflected the nation’s resolve to continue fighting, sealing the fate of the Confederacy and the institution of slavery.
Election Results: A Landslide Victory for Lincoln
Despite earlier concerns that he might lose, Lincoln won the election in a landslide. He secured 212 electoral votes, compared to McClellan’s 21, carrying all but three states. The three states that voted for McClellan—Delaware, Kentucky, and New Jersey—were known for their strong Peace Democrat sentiment and opposition to the Emancipation Proclamation.
Lincoln’s popular vote margin was narrower but still decisive. He won 55% of the popular vote, receiving 2.2 million votes to McClellan’s 1.8 million. This margin demonstrated that, despite war fatigue, economic hardship, and political divisions, a majority of Northern voters remained committed to Union victory and the destruction of slavery.
Voter Turnout & Demographics: Who Voted and Why?
The 1864 election saw a remarkably high voter turnout, considering it occurred in the middle of a devastating war. Nearly 75% of eligible voters cast ballots, reflecting the high stakes of the election and the deep divisions within Northern society.
Lincoln’s strongest support came from Union soldiers, Republicans, abolitionists, and those living in regions less affected by war-related hardships. These voters saw Lincoln as the only leader capable of finishing the war and ensuring that the sacrifices of Union soldiers were not in vain.
McClellan’s support was strongest among Peace Democrats, working-class urban voters, and those in states with historical ties to the South. Many of his supporters believed the war had dragged on too long and that a peace settlement, even at the cost of Confederate independence, was preferable to continued bloodshed.
Border states, such as Kentucky and Delaware, overwhelmingly supported McClellan, as they had remained loyal to the Union but still had strong pro-slavery sympathies.
Western states and newly admitted Union states, such as Nevada, strongly backed Lincoln, as their economies were booming due to wartime expansion and their populations were generally more Republican.
For many voters, this election was not just about who would lead the country, but whether the Union itself would survive.
The Soldiers’ Vote: A Decisive Factor in Lincoln’s Victory
One of the most significant developments in the 1864 election was the introduction of absentee voting for soldiers, allowing Union troops to cast ballots from the battlefield. The soldier vote overwhelmingly favored Lincoln, with about 78% of Union soldiers voting for him.
Lincoln’s strong support among troops was critical for several reasons:
Many soldiers believed in the Union cause and wanted to see the war through to victory.
They viewed McClellan’s campaign as a threat to the sacrifices they had already made, fearing that a peace settlement would mean that their fallen comrades had died in vain.
While some soldiers resented Lincoln’s war policies, particularly the draft and high casualties under Grant, they feared McClellan’s inconsistent stance on the war even more.
This overwhelming soldier support helped counterbalance opposition from Peace Democrats and ensured that Lincoln had a clear mandate to continue the war effort.
Impact on the War: Sealing the Confederacy’s Fate
Lincoln’s re-election was a turning point in the Civil War. For the Confederacy, it was a crushing blow. Southern leaders, particularly Jefferson Davis, had pinned their hopes on a McClellan victory, believing it would lead to peace negotiations and possible recognition of Confederate independence. When Lincoln won by a landslide, it sent a clear message: the Union would not stop fighting until total victory was achieved. Several key consequences followed:
The Confederacy’s Last Hope for Political Survival Disappeared
Confederate newspapers and politicians had closely followed the election, hoping for a shift in Northern sentiment. When Lincoln won decisively, it became clear that the Union was committed to fighting until the Confederacy was destroyed.
Confederate morale plummeted, and desertions in the Southern army increased dramatically.
Union War Efforts Accelerated
Lincoln’s re-election allowed Ulysses S. Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman to continue their aggressive campaigns without fear of political backlash.
Sherman’s March to the Sea, which devastated Georgia, and Grant’s siege of Petersburg, which pinned down Confederate forces, intensified.
The Confederacy’s Military Position Became Untenable
By early 1865, Union victories in the Carolinas and Virginia further weakened the Confederacy.
In April 1865, Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox, effectively ending the war.
Lincoln’s triumph in 1864 ensured that there would be no compromise peace—only total Confederate defeat.
A Lasting Legacy: Lincoln’s Victory and the End of Slavery
Beyond the battlefield, Lincoln’s re-election had profound consequences for the future of the United States:
It paved the way for the passage of the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery. Lincoln had made clear that slavery must end permanently, and his victory gave him the political strength to push the amendment through Congress.
It set a precedent for war-time leadership, showing that a president could be re-elected even during a national crisis.
It reaffirmed the principle that democracy could function even in the midst of war—a powerful message to both Americans and the world.
Unfortunately, Lincoln would not live to see the full impact of his victory. He was assassinated in April 1865, just days after the Confederate surrender. However, his re-election had secured the Union’s future, ensuring that the United States would emerge from the Civil War as a stronger, more united nation—without slavery.
A Decisive Election That Changed History
The 1864 election was more than just a political contest; it was a referendum on the future of the nation. Lincoln’s decisive victory ensured that the war would continue until the Confederacy was defeated and that slavery would be abolished. It demonstrated the resilience of American democracy, even in its darkest hour, and set the course for the final victory of the Union in 1865.
Key Figures of the 1864 Presidential Election (Excluding Lincoln and McClellan)
The 1864 presidential election was one of the most critical in American history, determining the future of the Civil War, the fate of slavery, and the direction of the nation. While Abraham Lincoln and George B. McClellan were the central figures, many other individuals played significant roles in shaping the election’s outcome. Politicians, activists, military leaders, and journalists influenced public opinion, campaigned for their candidates, and helped determine the course of the war effort leading up to the election.
Andrew Johnson: The Unexpected Running Mate
Born: December 29, 1808 – Died: July 31, 1875Role in the 1864 Election: Lincoln’s Vice-Presidential Running Mate
Andrew Johnson was a Unionist Democrat from Tennessee, chosen as Lincoln’s running mate in 1864 to appeal to War Democrats and Southerners who remained loyal to the Union. A former senator and military governor of Tennessee, Johnson was one of the few Southern politicians who staunchly opposed secession.
His selection was a strategic move to broaden Lincoln’s appeal beyond the Republican base, helping to unify Northern Republicans and pro-war Democrats into the National Union Party. Johnson’s presence on the ticket reassured voters that Lincoln was committed to national unity, even as the war continued.
Following Lincoln’s assassination in April 1865, Johnson became the 17th president of the United States, overseeing Reconstruction, a period marked by controversy and conflict over how to reintegrate Southern states and protect freed African Americans.
Edwin M. Stanton: The War Secretary Holding the Union Together
Born: December 19, 1814 – Died: December 24, 1869
Role in the 1864 Election: Lincoln’s Secretary of War and Organizer of the Union War Effort
Edwin Stanton was one of Lincoln’s most trusted advisors, serving as Secretary of War throughout much of the Civil War. As the election approached, Stanton worked tirelessly to ensure that Union victories on the battlefield translated into political support for Lincoln.
He played a key role in the Union’s military success by organizing troop movements, securing supplies, and pushing generals to act decisively.
The fall of Atlanta in September 1864, a critical victory that boosted Lincoln’s reelection chances, came under his watch as War Secretary.
Stanton also helped oversee the first widespread use of absentee voting, ensuring that Union soldiers could vote in the election, which heavily favored Lincoln.
After Lincoln’s assassination, Stanton remained a key figure, working against Andrew Johnson’s lenient approach to Reconstruction and helping to shape radical Republican policies.
Horace Greeley: The Voice of the Republican Press
Born: February 3, 1811 – Died: November 29, 1872
Role in the 1864 Election: Influential Newspaper Editor and Lincoln Supporter
Horace Greeley, the editor of the New York Tribune, was one of the most powerful journalists in the North and a major force in shaping public opinion during the 1864 election. His newspaper was widely read across the country, particularly by Republicans, abolitionists, and Lincoln supporters.
He used his platform to rally support for Lincoln, publishing articles that emphasized the moral necessity of ending slavery and continuing the war until victory.
He countered Democratic attacks on Lincoln, refuting claims that the president was a dictator and defending his war policies.
His paper also exposed weaknesses in the Democratic campaign, highlighting McClellan’s contradictions and his party’s internal divisions.
Greeley’s influence helped ensure that Northern voters remained committed to Lincoln’s vision, making the press a key battlefield in the political war of 1864.
Clement Vallandigham: The Face of the Copperheads
Born: July 29, 1820 – Died: June 17, 1871
Role in the 1864 Election: Leader of the Peace Democrats (Copperheads)
Clement Vallandigham was a Democratic politician from Ohio and the most well-known leader of the Copperheads, a faction of Democrats who strongly opposed Lincoln, the war, and emancipation. Though not an official part of McClellan’s campaign, he influenced the Democratic Party platform, which called for an immediate ceasefire and peace negotiations with the Confederacy.
Vallandigham had been arrested in 1863 by the Union military for publicly denouncing the war, making him a martyr for anti-war Democrats.
He pressured McClellan to accept a peace platform, even though McClellan personally supported continuing the war.
His extreme views helped divide the Democratic Party, ultimately weakening McClellan’s campaign.
While Vallandigham was admired by Peace Democrats, his pro-Confederate leanings alienated many voters, making him a controversial figure in the election.
Anna Dickinson: The Young Orator Who Campaigned for Lincoln
Born: October 28, 1842 – Died: October 22, 1932
Role in the 1864 Election: Public Speaker and Advocate for Lincoln and Emancipation
One of the most influential women in the 1864 election, Anna Dickinson was a young and passionate speaker who traveled across the North giving speeches in support of Lincoln’s reelection, the war effort, and the abolition of slavery.
At only 21 years old, she became a nationally recognized orator, drawing huge crowds to her speeches.
She was the first woman to speak before Congress, delivering a speech that called for full Union victory and racial equality.
Her fiery speeches energized Republican voters, particularly in key battleground states, where she helped counter pro-McClellan sentiment.
Dickinson’s activism helped mobilize women and abolitionists, ensuring that Lincoln’s message reached diverse audiences.
Life Lessons and Thought Processes from the 1864 Presidential Election
The 1864 presidential election was one of the most significant in American history, held in the midst of the Civil War and determining the future of the nation, the fate of slavery, and the direction of democracy. Studying this election provides valuable life lessons and thought processes that remain relevant today. From leadership in times of crisis to understanding the power of public opinion, this election offers insight into decision-making, perseverance, unity, and the role of democracy in shaping the future.
1. Leadership in Crisis: The Importance of Steadfast Decision-Making
One of the most crucial lessons from the 1864 election is that strong leadership requires making tough decisions, even in the face of immense pressure. Abraham Lincoln faced overwhelming opposition—not just from the Confederacy, but from his own political opponents, war-weary citizens, and even members of his administration.
Many urged Lincoln to negotiate peace with the South to end the war early.
Others criticized him for his wartime policies, including the draft and the suspension of habeas corpus.
The Emancipation Proclamation was controversial, even in the North, and many doubted his chances of reelection.
Yet, Lincoln remained committed to his principles—preserving the Union and ending slavery. His ability to stay the course despite widespread doubt teaches us that true leadership requires resilience, vision, and a willingness to make unpopular decisions for the greater good.
Life Lesson: In times of crisis, leaders must stand by their convictions, even when pressured to compromise. Strength and long-term vision often outweigh short-term popularity.
2. The Power of Public Opinion: How Media and Propaganda Shape Perspectives
The 1864 election was heavily influenced by newspapers, political propaganda, and rhetoric, reminding us how powerful media and public perception can be in shaping reality.
Lincoln’s supporters used the press to frame him as a strong leader fighting for the soul of the nation.
McClellan’s supporters, especially Peace Democrats, spread propaganda that Lincoln was a tyrant destroying civil liberties.
Newspapers played a huge role in influencing how people viewed the war and the candidates, showing that facts and interpretations can be manipulated to push an agenda.
This lesson is incredibly relevant in today’s world, where social media, news outlets, and digital platforms influence opinions on politics, economics, and global events. The 1864 election reminds us to analyze media critically, fact-check information, and recognize bias when forming our own views.
Life Lesson: Public opinion is often shaped by media narratives rather than pure facts. Critical thinking and questioning sources of information are essential skills in any era.
3. Democracy in Uncertain Times: The Strength of a Nation Under Duress
One of the most remarkable aspects of the 1864 election is that it was held in the middle of a civil war, proving that democracy can survive even in the darkest times.
Many believed Lincoln should postpone the election, arguing that holding a vote in wartime was too dangerous.
Instead, Lincoln insisted that elections should continue, even in uncertain times, because suspending democracy would mean that the rebels had already won.
The election went forward, demonstrating that a commitment to free and fair elections is essential for national stability.
This lesson applies to modern times, where many countries face political instability, war, or crisis. The 1864 election teaches us that democratic institutions must be preserved, even when faced with uncertainty and turmoil.
Life Lesson: True democracy must be upheld even in times of crisis, as suspending elections or silencing opposition only weakens the nation’s foundation.
4. The Importance of Unity and Reconciliation After Division
The 1864 election was deeply divisive, with strong political and ideological differences between those who supported Lincoln and those who supported McClellan.
Some voters wanted the war to end immediately, while others believed it needed to continue for complete victory.
Many former friends and neighbors turned against each other, seeing each other as enemies.
However, after the election and the eventual end of the war, reconciliation became crucial for rebuilding the nation.
This serves as a powerful reminder that nations, communities, and individuals must find ways to rebuild after periods of division and conflict. Differences in opinion should not destroy the ability to move forward together.
Life Lesson: Disagreements are inevitable, but true progress requires unity, forgiveness, and a focus on rebuilding rather than remaining divided.
5. The Power of a Single Vote: Individual Actions Shape History
For many young men voting for the first time in 1864, the election was more than just a political event—it was a decision that could determine the future of the country. The fact that so many soldiers voted from the battlefield demonstrated the power of an individual vote.
Soldiers overwhelmingly supported Lincoln, believing that continuing the war was necessary to preserve what they had fought for.
If Lincoln had lost, the war might have ended with the South still independent and slavery intact.
Every vote cast in 1864 helped shape the nation’s future, proving that even in a time of crisis, individual actions matter.
Many people today feel that their votes don’t make a difference, but history proves otherwise. The 1864 election shows that in times of great change, every voice counts.
Life Lesson: Individual choices and participation in democracy shape history. One vote, one decision, one moment can have lasting consequences for generations.
Vocabulary to Learn While Studying the 1864 Election
1. Incumbent (noun)
· Definition: A person currently holding a political office.Sample Sentence: Abraham Lincoln, as the incumbent president, ran for re-election in 1864 despite the ongoing Civil War.
2. Copperhead (noun)
· Definition: A Northern Democrat who opposed the Civil War and wanted an immediate peace settlement with the Confederacy.Sample Sentence: Some Copperheads criticized Lincoln’s policies, arguing that the war had gone on too long and should be ended through negotiations.
3. Popular Vote (noun)
· Definition: The total number of votes cast by the public in an election.Sample Sentence: While Lincoln won the popular vote with 55% of the ballots, his victory in the Electoral College was even more decisive.
4. Electoral College (noun)
· Definition: The system used to elect the U.S. president, where each state's electoral votes determine the winner.Sample Sentence: Despite some public opposition, Lincoln won a landslide in the Electoral College, securing 212 votes to McClellan’s 21.
5. Propaganda (noun)
· Definition: Information, often biased or misleading, used to influence public opinion.Sample Sentence: Both sides used propaganda in newspapers to convince voters that their candidate was the best choice for the country.
6. Peace Democrat (noun)
· Definition: A Democrat who wanted to negotiate peace with the Confederacy rather than continue the war.Sample Sentence: Peace Democrats, also called Copperheads, opposed Lincoln’s re-election and supported McClellan in hopes of ending the war quickly.
7. Absentee Voting (noun)
· Definition: The process of voting without being physically present at a polling place, often by mail.Sample Sentence: For the first time in U.S. history, absentee voting was used widely in 1864 to allow Union soldiers to cast their votes while still serving in the war.
8. Habeas Corpus (noun)
· Definition: A legal principle requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge to determine if their imprisonment is lawful.Sample Sentence: Lincoln suspended habeas corpus during the war, leading some to accuse him of abusing his presidential powers.
9. Conscription (noun)
· Definition: Mandatory enlistment into military service; also known as the draft.Sample Sentence: The conscription laws passed by Lincoln’s administration led to unrest, including the New York City Draft Riots of 1863.
10. Tyranny (noun)
· Definition: A government or ruler that exercises power in a cruel or oppressive way.Sample Sentence: Some of Lincoln’s opponents accused him of tyranny, arguing that he had expanded presidential powers too far during the war.
Engaging Activities to Teach Students About the 1864 Presidential Election
Activity #1: Historical Newspaper Creation
Recommended Age: 10–16 (Upper Elementary, Middle & High School)
Activity Description: Students will create a newspaper from 1864, writing articles, political cartoons, and opinion pieces about the election.
Objective:
To explore how media influenced public opinion during the election.
To practice historical writing and research skills.
To compare past and present political journalism.
Materials:
Paper or digital design tools (Google Docs, Canva, etc.).
Printed or online examples of 1860s newspapers.
Research materials about the election, candidates, and public reaction.
Instructions:
Introduce the role of newspapers in shaping opinions during the election.
Have students choose a perspective (Republican, Democrat, neutral, soldier, abolitionist, etc.).
Assign articles such as:
A headline news report on the election.
A campaign editorial supporting Lincoln or McClellan.
A letter to the editor from a fictional citizen.
A political cartoon illustrating a key issue.
Compile the articles into a class newspaper and share it with the class.
Learning Outcome: Students will understand the power of media in elections, recognize bias in journalism, and improve historical research and creative writing skills.
Activity #2: Political Campaign Posters
Recommended Age: 6–12 (Elementary & Middle School)
Activity Description: Students will design campaign posters for either Lincoln or McClellan, using historical slogans, imagery, and persuasive messaging.
Objective:
To analyze how campaigns use images and words to influence voters.
To encourage creativity and historical understanding.
To compare 1864 campaign tactics to modern political advertising.
Materials:
Poster board or digital tools (Google Slides, Canva, etc.).
Markers, colored pencils, or digital design software.
Examples of real campaign posters from 1864.
Instructions:
Show students examples of real 1864 campaign materials.
Assign students to create a campaign poster that would have been used during the election.
Encourage them to use historical slogans, images, and arguments from the time.
Display the posters and discuss how political advertising influences elections.
Learning Outcome: Students will learn how campaigns use visual persuasion, gain insight into historical election tactics, and develop creative and analytical skills.
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